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Halogeton habit
Joseph M. DeTomaso, University of California – Davis, Bugwood.org
Common Name(s)
Halogeton
Saltlover
Scientific Name
Halogeton glomeratus
Family
Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae)
Reasons for concern
Highly competitive invasive plant. Produces substances that are poisonous and sometimes fatal to sheep and cattle. Younger plants are most toxic. Easily invades disturbed or over-grazed areas. Plant tissues accumulate salts, which then leach into topsoil increasing soil salinity, making it inhospitable or toxic to other species. Saline soil favors Halogeton seed germination and seedling growth over native species. No forage value for wildlife or livestock.
Classification
Non-native. Categorized as a Class B noxious plant on the Arizona Noxious Weed list, meaning that it “may be a high priority pest for quarantine, control, or mitigation if a significant threat to a crop, commodity, or habitat is known to exist.”
Botanical description
Erect annual with small fleshy leaves and multiple stems.
Leaves
Numerous, alternate along stem, smooth, short and soft, with a small spine at tip. Small, fleshy, nearly tubular. Tipped with a needle-like spine. Dull green to bluish green.
Stem(s)
Has multiple reddish or purple tinged stems, branching from the base, with a stiff bristle tip. Seedling stems spreading; more mature stems upright. Grows from a few inches to 18 inches. Somewhat fleshy.
Flowers
June through September. Fleshy and cylindrical. Clusters numerous and dense in most axes of stem and leaves. Flowers lack petals and have a fan-shaped structure concealing black or brown seeds.
Seeds
August through October. Produces vast amounts of two types of seeds. Seeds produced in early summer are light tan and wingless; seeds produced in late summer are dark brown and winged. Do not last long in soil.
Roots
Taproot grows to 18 inches or more. Lateral roots grow to 18 inches in all directions.
Native to
Cold desert regions of Eurasia
Where it grows
Invades disturbed, open, or heavily grazed areas. Likes alkaline to saline soils. Grows along roads, sheep trails and often concentrated where livestock congregate. Likes dry lakebeds, shrublands, and roadsides, where native vegetation is sparse.
Lifecycle
Winter or summer annual
Reproduction
By seed
Weedy Characteristics
Seems well adapted to alkaline soils and semi-arid livestock ranges. Produces enormous quantities of seed. Dispersal by wind, water, humans, seed-gathering ants, animals. When plants dry out, they break off at the base and tumble in the wind. More than 100,000 seeds can be produced on one plant.
Look-alike Plants
Before flowering, halogeton can be misidentified as Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) or barbwire Russian thistle (Salsola paulsenii), two other invasive, non-native plants. Information on Salsola tragus can be found on this website.
Control Strategies
Because this invasive plant is an annual, it is fairly easy to hand pull. Monitor populations regularly and pull any new plants. Do not let them bloom and go to seed. Establish desirable and vigorous perennial species to out-complete this invasive. Halogeton is not controlled effectively by burning, and it is one of the first plants to re-establish following wildfire on infested rangeland. For large populations, you may want to hire a professional. Broadleaf herbicides are effective on very young plants. Contact your local county extension office for more information on chemical control.
Gallery
Halogeton
Bonnie Million, Bureau of Land Management, Bugwood.org
Halogeton foliage
Bonnie Million, Bureau of Land Management, Bugwood.org
Halogeton flowers
Clinton Shock, Oregon State University, Bugwood.org
Halogeton seedling
Clinton Shock, Oregon State University, Bugwood.org
Young halogeton plants
K. George Beck and James Sebastian, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Halogeton infestation, shown in flowering growth stage in typical habitat
K. George Beck and James Sebastian, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org